ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم

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Investigative Report-Part I 

Rajesh, Mumtaz Jamali Group

ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم:

ڪنڀار ڪي ڪم جو طريقو:

راجيش ڪمار 78

ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم جو سڄو دارو مدار مٽي مهارت تي آهي جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪاروبار صدين کان پراڻو آهي پر حيرت جهڙي ڳالهه اها آهي ته هن جديد ٽيڪنالاجي واري دوُر ۾ به ان  ڪم جي ڪا واضع ڪا تبديلي ناهي آهي، هن ڪم ۾ عام ماڻهو جو وس ناهي هلندو، ٻين مهارتي ڪمن جيان هن ۾ به مهارتي ماڻهن جي محنت  مشتمل  هوندي آهي .جنهن ۾ ڪجهه  مرحلا شامل آهن، ڏسجي ته هي ڪم ٻين ڪمن کان ڪافي ڏکيو ۽ جلدي تيار ٿيندڙ آهي. ڪنڀار ڪي ڪم ۾ هٺين مرحلا ذير استعمال ايندا آهن.

مٽي جي چونڊ:

 سڀ کان اول سٺي ٿانون لاءِ سٺي مٽي جي چونڊ ڪبي آهي اها مٽي رنگ جي ڀوري هوندي آهي ۽ اها اڪثر ڪري شاخن، تلائون، کاڻون ۽ کڏن جي مٽي هوندي آهي جيڪا عام مٽي کان ڏسڻ ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي.

مٽي کي ڀورڻ ۽ ڇاڻن:

 اها مٽي جڏهن اڏي تي پهچندي آهي ته ڪجهه مذدور ۽ ڪاريگر ان مٽي مان سڀ ڀتر ڪُٽي ڀوري سنهي ڪندا آهن، ۽ ان کي ڪٿي ڪٿي پروڻ سان به کي ڇاڻيندا آهي،

مٽي کي پُسائڻ، ڳوهڻ ۽ ان ۾ مصالعو وجهڻ: جڏهن مٽي ڇاڻي صفا ڀور ڀور ٿيندي آهي  ته پوءِ ان ۾ پاڻي ويجهبو آهي ۽ پوءِ ان ۾ ڪُت ۽ واري ملائي وڃي ٿي ۽ ان کي اٽي وانگي ڳهبو آهي  پر پهريان ان کي لتن سان پوءِ ان کي وري هٿ سان پڻ ڳوهبو آهي ۽ ان ڳوهيل مٽي کي سٿڙين ۾ الڳ الڳ ٺاهيو ويندو آهي. 

چڪ تي چاڙهڻ:

 چڪ هڪ گول ڦيٿي وانگي هوندو آهي جنهن تي مٽي جا سٿڙ رکبا آهن ان چڪ کي هيٺيان ڪاريگر پيرن سان هلائيندو آهي ۽ جڏهن اهو چڪ ڦرڻي وانگي ڦرڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ته ڪاريگر مٿي رکيل ڳهيل مٽي جي سٿڙ کي هٿن ۽ آنڱرين جي مدد سان پنهنجي مهارت سان ان جي شڪل يا ڊزائين ٺاهيندو آهي، هر  ٿانو لاءِ مٽي جو مقدار الڳ هوندو آهي، ان دوران ڪاريگر پاڻي جو به استعمال ڪندو ويندو آهي جيئن هن کي ڊزائين ٺاهڻ ۾ آساني ٿي. 

ٿانون کي سڪائڻ:

 جڏهن ٿانو چڪ مان تيار ٿي لهندا آهن ته اتي ڪاريگر وڏي مهارت سان ان ڪچي ٿانو کي ٻاهر ڪنهن ڪشادي جڳهه تي سڪائڻ لاءِ رکندا آهن، ڇو جو اهي ڪچا ٿانو ننڍي چر پر سان پنهنجي شڪل وڃائي وهندا آهي جنهن جو نقصان ڪنڀر کي ٿيندو آهي، ۽ تقريبن اهو ٿائون سڪڻ ۾ هڪ کان مٿي ڏينهن لڳندا آهي ڇو جو انهي شئ جو دارومدار موسم جي صورتحال تي آهي. اڪثر ڪري گرمي جي موسم ۾ هڪ ڏينهن ۾ ٿانو سڪي ويندا  آهن. هڪ ڏينهن سڪائڻ بعد ان جي گهڙائي وارو مرحلو اچي ٿو هن لاءِ به الڳ ڪاريگر مختص هوندو آهي شروعاتي نموني بعد هن جي گھڙائي ڪري وري مجهي (ڪاٺ جي ٽهيل پٽي) هڻدا آهن ۽ ٻيهر هڪ ڏينهن لاءِ  سڪائيندا آهن، جيئن ٿانو سهڻو لڳي.

ٿانو کي پچائيڻ: 

مختلف ٿانو جهڙوڪ دلو، مٽ، گگهر، چاڏي، نادي، پاٽوڙو گهڙو جهڙا وڏا ٿانو هوندا آهن اهي جڏهن سڪي ويندا آهن ته انهن کي الڳ سان بٺي ۾ پچايو ويندو آهي، پر ننڍا ٿانو، جنهن ۾ ڪوپ، گلاس، ڪنورو، ڪنڊيون، ۽ ٻارن جا رانديڪا وري الڳ سان پچايا ويندا آهن ڇو جو ڳڏيل پچائڻ سان ننڍا ٿانو سڙي ڪارا ٿي ويندا آهي ۽ پوءِ اهي پنهنجي خاصيت وڃائي ويندا آهن، بٺي ۾ بوهه، ڪٽ، ۽ توتڙ وغيره استعمال ٿيندو آهي. جڏهن پچي تيار ٿيندو آهي ته  ڪاريگر ان کي بٺي مان ڪڍي ٻي هند قطار سان لڳائندو آهي ۽ واري واري هر هڪ ٿانو کي ڪپڙو هڻدا آهن جيئن اندر يا ٻاهر ڪاراڻ مٽجي سگهي ۽ اهو ٿانو لسو ٿي سگهي. ٿانو پچائڻ کان پهريان ٿانو جو رنگ ڀورو هوندو آهي پر پچائيڻ بعد ٿانو پنهنجو رنگ تبديل ڪندو آهي پر جوهي ڪاڇو ۽ اترين علائقن جي مٽي جي ٿانو پچائڻ بعد ايترو رنگ تبديل گهٽ ڪندا  آهن ۽ ميٽوڙو  رهندا آهن جڏهن ٻين سنڌ جي ٻين علائقن اڪثر ڪري ٿانو پچڻ بعد ڳاڙهو هوندا آَهن.

نتيجو:

 ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم قديمي هنر ليکيو ويندو آهي جيتوڻيڪ هن ڪم ۾ مختلف مرحلا درپيش ايندا آهن. هر مرحلي ۾ اتي الڳ ڪاريگر مختص هوندو آهي، هر مرحلي ۾ مهارت سان گڏ محنت ۽ لڳن شامل هوندي آهي.

ڪنڀرن جي حالت زندگي:

ممتاز علي جمالي: 159

ڪنڀار اصل هڪ هنر جو نالو آهي ۽ ڪافي ڪنڀرن جو اصل تعلق پنجاب سان آهي جيڪي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن طريقي سان زندگي بثر ڪرڻ لاءِ اچي هتي  سنڌ ۾ آباد ٿيا. سنڌ ۾ رهندڙ ڪنڀارن جي اڳ کان زندگي هاڻي اڃا وڌيڪ اجيرن بڻجي وئي آهي، جيترو هن جو خرچو آهي ايتري هنن جي آمدني ناهي، ڏسجي ته هن هنر ۾ مهارت جي ضرورت هوندي آهي پر ان ماهرن کي ان پورو اجرو نٿو ملي.

مزدور ۽ ڪاريگر:

هي ڪم مرحلي وار آهي هر مرحلي ۾ الڳ ڪاريگر مختص هوندو آهي جيئن مٽي ڳوڏڻ تي، چڪ هلائڻ، ۽ ٿانو بچائڻ کان وٺي هر ڪم ۾ ڪاريگر الڳ هوندو آهي.

هنن جي آمدني: اڄ جو جديد دوُر بجلي جو دوُر سڏيو ويندو آهي  پهريان جتي پاڻي ٿڌي ڪرڻ لاءِ مٽ استعمال ٿيندو هو اتي اڄ فرج ۽ برف ماڻهو استعمال ڪندا آهن، ائين ئي ٺڪر جي نادي جي جڳه تي پلاسٽيڪ جي بالٽي، ٺڪر گلاس جي جڳهه تي شيشي ۽ پلاسٽڪ استعال ٿيندو آهي انهي جي ڪري ڪنڀرن جي ٺهيل جي شين جي خريدو فروخت تقريبن ختم ٿي ويو آهي انهي جي ڪري هنن جي آمدني گهٽ ٿي وئي آهي.  ٻي طرف وڏا واپاري هنن کان گهٽ قيمت تي شيون خريد ڪري مهانگي اگهه ۾ فروخت ڪندا آهن،  سروي ۾ اها خبر پئي آهي ته هڪ مٽ جنهن جي قيمت بازار ۾ 50  رپيا آهي ته ڪاريگر کي وڃي 15 رپيا نصيب ٿيندا آهن جنهن ۾ هو مزدورن جو اجرو ڪڍي ته هن کي وڃي هڪ مٽ مان صرف 4 رپيا بچندا آهن، انهي سڄي معامري کي ڏسجي ته ڪاريگر پنهنجو پيٽ گزر ڪرڻ ۾ ئي پورا آهن، عام طور هن صنعت ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ فائدو دڪان دار ۽ واپاري کي ملندو آهي. اڪثر ڪري جڏهن سياري جي موسم هوندي آهي ته هن شين جي خريد و فروخت تمام گهٽجي ويندي آهي ته واپاري بازار ۾ موڙي پيدا ڪندا آهن جنهن ۾ واپاري فائدو وٺي وڏي پيماني تي شيون خريد ڪري اسٽور ڪندا آهن ۽ گرمي جي موسم ۾ انهن کي فروخت ڪندا آهن. 

هنن جي حالت زندگي:

انسان جي زندگي جيئڻ جو سڄو دارومدار ان جي ڪاروبار سان ۽ ان جي آمدني سان هوندو آهي، جيئن ڪنڀارن جو جيڪي پنهنجي پوري زندگي مٽي سان کيڏندي گزارن ٿا ۽ ماڻهن جي سک لاءِ نهائين جي گرمي ۽ سختي برداشت ڪن ٿا. هنن جي حالت زندگي لاءِ خود شاهه عبدالطيف فرمايو آهي ” سڙي سارو ڏينهن ٻاهر ٻاڦ نه نڪري“ هن مان مراد ته سڄو ڏينهن  محنت ڪرڻ باوجود ڪنهن کي شڪايت ناهن ڪندا نه ئي ڪنهن جي در وڃي فرياد ڪندا آهن، هنن جا گهر ڪکائون هوندا آهن جيڪي وڏي برسات  ۾ پاڻي به روڪي ناهن سگهندا نه ئي سياري ۾ سئ ۽ گرمي ۾ سيج جي تپش روڪي سگهن ٿا. ڪنڀر صبح جي ماني کائيندا آهن ته منجهد جي ماني قسمت تي ڇڏي ڏيندا آهن، انهي جي ڪري ڪافي ڪنڀرن اهو خانداني ڪم ڇڏي ٻيو ڪاروبار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو آهي. ڏسجي ته اڪثر ڪري اهي ٿانو ٺاهيندڙ ڪنڀر جي اولاد به پير سنڀباليندي ئي هن ڪم سان لڳي ويندا آهن ۽ پڙهي ناهن سگهندا. سماج ۾ طبقاتي نظام جي ڪري هنن کي ماڻهن ڪم تر سمجهندا آهن انهي جي ڪري ڪافي ڪنڀر پاڻ کي ٻي ذات وارو سڏائڻ تي مجبور پڻ آهن. 

ڪنڀرن جو مستقبل:

 عام طور اهو موقف پڻ اختيار ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم سنڌ جي ثقافت آهي پر ڏسجي ته هنن کي هاڻي نه ثقافتي تور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ نه ئي وري حڪومتي ستح تي هنن جي ڪا مالي مدد ٿيندي آهي. جديد اليڪٽرانيڪ شيون اچڻ جي ڪري هنن جي شين جي خريد و فروخت تمام هاڻي گهٽجي ويو آهي. ۽ اها صورتحال رهي ته هن ڪم جو مستقبل ۽ هنن جي ڪاريگرن جو مستقبل به تباهه آهي.

نتيجو:

 ڪنڀارن جيڪي قديمي تهذيبن ۾ به هنن جا آثار ملن ٿا جنهن کي تاريخ ۾ به ڳوليو ويو آهي پر جديد اليڪٽرانيڪ دور جي ڪري هنن جي اهميت گهٽجي وئي آهي، 100 مان 95 ڪاريگر قرضائي ٿي ويا آهن ۽ ايتري قدر ڪٿي ڪٿي هنن پاڻ کي ۽ پنهنجي اولاد کي به گروي ڪري رکي ڇڏيو آهي.

Outline 

انويسٽيگيشن رپورٽ:

آئوٽ لائين.

موضوع: ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم.

1: ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم جو طريقو (تفصيلي جائزو)

2: ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم مان ٺهندڙ شين جا قسم ۽ ان جي خاصيت 

3: ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم مان ٺهندڙ شين جي خريد و فروخت 

4: ڪنڀارن ڪي ڪم مان ايندڙ آمدني ۽ ان جي حالت ءِ زندگي

5: ڪنڀار ڪي ڪم  جو ماضي 

6: ڪنڀار ڪو ڪم جو حال 

7:ڪنڀار ڪي ڪم جو مستقل 

ميمبر: ممتاز علي جمالي

راجيش ڪمار

سيدا ثناء شاهـه

سمبل

اقصيِٰ قريشي

تظمين رحمنٰ

Cyber-crime Bill and freedom of expression by rajesh kumar article

Cyber-crime Bill and freedom of expression

Article

Rajesh Kumar oad

Roll no:78

The prevention of Electronic Crimes Bill (PECB) or Cybercrime bill 2015 has been passed by senate on 12^th August 2016, after long controversy. The bill has been adopted and became law after signatured by president. To be noted that Prevention bill for Electronic Crime was tabled by Ministry of I.T before National Assembly in 2015 and passed on14th April.

In the modern world where world has been becoming global village and people are connected through internet to the whole world, while in the Pakistan where technology is not developed as much, where there is need of awareness and social literacy but here people are always restricted to say and from getting information. like some time ago ban on YouTube by the government but  people still found ‘other’  ways to use it as it has wealth of information on any topic. From students to professionals find it easir way to learn from it. And in this cyberspace world there are some people who find a way  as government and cyber-space security agencies cannot restrict the people from getting to whatever information is available on the internet.

Once again to suppress the freedom through complicated and vague cyber-crime bill has been passed by government. Intellectuals and different organizations considering this cybercrime bill as ‘Draconian’ which suppress the freedom of expression and limits the reach of information to ordinary users of internet. internet i.e. on social media where people express their ideas, opinion freely about everyone now must be careful and can come under any law as other forms of media already restricted such as print or electronic media. People also considering it against democratic rights as there are no clarification in the many sections in prescribed cyber crime bill.

Some features of the bill up to three years’ imprisonment, Rs 1million fine or both for unauthorized access to critical infrastructure access or data. Up to seven years’ prison 10 million fine or both for an offence relating to terrorism, any person convicted of a crime relating to terrorism. Up to six months’ imprisonment, Rs50 thousand or both producing, supplying or importing a device for use in an offence. three years’ imprisonment, Rs 5 million or both for obtaining, selling or using another person’s identity information without authorization and many other punishments on doing crime.

After 55 amendments, these are some features of bill considered to restrict people from doing crime, is this what really Pakistan needed to control cyber crime? Such strict laws? This countries lawmakers seriously need a break, as they are turning democratic country into autocratic one.

  digital rights activists in pakistan are much concerned about this bill.

 On the basis of crime, there are different punishment suggested. How this bill is considered as better for the society to stop crime in which there is imprisonment for a child of 10 years! Like this, definitely it will create panic  among the public or institutes that they won’t be able talk openly against state or its institutes. which we can say is useful for the state to use this bill politically or to achieve political interests which is against the basic human rights actually. We know that many people exploit the freedom or due to lack of media literacy say many things about the institutions concerned with establishment or state that they shouldn’t do, but definitely public have to talk or discuss, if there are flaws or bad governance in the state as the criticism is backbone for the democratic societies to reform and improve their situation.

it is the responsibility of state to protect the rights of every citizen and secure freedom as constitution of Pakistan guarntees freedom of speech to its every citizen. If this ‘draconian’ law, misused will bring unwanted consequences for Pakistani society and will also increase the knowledge gap among the people as the internet and social media are good information sources of the people.

 That is why, not only few political parties, human rights organizations, people concerned with civil society but people using internet especially social media users are opposing and fearing that it would target them, because it is seemed as against freedom of speech.

Profile by Rajesh Kumar oad

Sahil Bughio

Profile by Rajesh Kumar oad

2k14/MC/78

Life is full of challenges, hardships, and ups and down, the thing is that how you survive or face those challenges and got success by overcoming those difficulties. As we know that to face those challenges and to reach on the goal for a normal person is not so easy task, have to face many hardships and to make struggles. And there is no doubt, without seeing hardships one cannot achieve anything. But imagine how those difficulties will be, who is disable or special one.it become more difficult for those to face hardships as compare to normal one.

But there is some special person who understand himself as normal people rather than helpless. Sahil Bughio 21 years old guy, is one of those striver, who never lose hope and make their life message for all. He opens his eyes in the home of Nizar Ali Bughio at Moro in 1996.he got primary education from his village. Then he done metric and intermediate from Iqra public school Moro. During this higher secondary education, he got different positions and awards in debates, speeches and games.

After intermediate, he struggles day and night to become an engineer for that he gave the test of Mehran University of Jamshoro and finally his efforts become fruitful and got selected in Mehran with a high percentage, he achieved what he aspired to. But soon, he left it because he could not get his favorite department. After leaving Mehran University, he took admission in University of Sindh. Currently, he is studying in department of Commerce in second year. He has aspired to become lecturer or teacher. This is what, we call “Hope” due to which he is continuing struggle and become never hopeless.

Once upon the time, during conversation he told me that “My mother has always been source of inspiration for me, she always encourage me that you are not disable you can do everything that common people do, this is why I never lose hope and also not differentiate myself to others.”

He has very kind nature with always smile on face and feel others have no worries, it was the thing that amazed me some extent. But sometimes he become angary when someone disturb him during study. According to him “one can do everything with me but I cannot let go disturb anyone during the study”. This is why, table in his room, seemed to be full of books. He is fond of reading books not only academics but literary, history books and also magazine.

Now, in student life, not depending on others he can do everything that a normal student does like, classwork, making assignment, taking bath, wearing clothes and eating unless he did not take glass of water from other. He himself manage all this.

Not only this, he has full command on computer through which he always connected with internet and keep updated himself.one of his very close friend and classmate Mir Magsi said that “he has loving nature, never minds when we make joke sometimes at his height and say “Kodu”, he always priorities friends and students, who have need of him especially, of university work.”

As Sohil message is “Live for others. Especially, who are special one and cannot afford to get education and those reached the university, they should be encouraged and financially helped because those are lucky one who reach the university to get higher education and all persons not reached there.”

Now, we cannot imagine, how much this man struggles to reach here, for getting higher education. This is because of his true determination.

 We all, especially students should get lesson from his struggle and personality to make life difficulties easier for achieving the goal. And it is also our duty that we should help and encourage students like Sahil Bughio. Especially, administration of university should care, give facilities and scholarships because students like them are eligible and have their right.

feature by Rajesh kumar

Hakeem’s in the buses

Feature

Rajesh Kumar oad- III

Roll no; 2k14/MC/78

In old times, when medical was not developed as much as today. At that time treatment of different diseases  done by mixing of different herbs. Those wise people used different methods to treat the patients and were called as Hakeem. Because of their treatment, people were benefited in health with meagre medicine at low cast with not too much heavy dose. The famous Hakeem Luqman is still reffered to whenever this type of treatment method is mentioned because of his highly effective methods of treatment. That treatment which is made of herbs is widely used in some part of the modern world. In such age when medicine and treatment methods are at its peak in history of humankind.

 Especially, those hakeem are seemed, when we travel in buses or couches, carrying medicines in the bags and yelling to sell their herbal made medicines as they claim. Hence they succesfully grab some persons attention while some have to listen undeliberately or not care at all.

Such one condition come across before my eyes. When I was in bus and that day was really interesting day. As couch started to go from bus stand one man sit beside me.that,who was black in colour, long moustaches, handling black beg like school children’s and due to badly chewing ‘pan’there were lines seen on mouth both sides. Firstly, due to his this condition, I came to laugh but quickly I controlled on my laughing. After some greetings with each other we both silenced. But as bus goes further he stood up suddenly and started to speak with travellers by getting attention. “Assalam- o –alikum; my brothers, I need two minutes, just two minutes with your attention. Here are some literate brothers, religiously aware people are available”. lier must go to hell and God is witness, we do hard work, never lie. I brought medicines for you prepared from different herbs on the formula proposed by famous Hakeem, my respected teacher ‘Hakeem Waloo khan’, yes my brothers, this medicine is not so common medicine like others in the market, this medicine will help you in relief from headache, jointache and shoulder ache. Just in few seconds. Such more beneficiaries’ medicine actual price is 50 rupees in which 10 rupees has consection for you traveller brothers. Means only in 40 rupees which is not as much price for the medicine which gives you life.

As he was talking he made me laugh once again because of his conversation and used sentences. like by coming he made the consection of 10 rupees with people, other thing that he said to another person without his ordering ‘yes sir coming, coming just wait brother, you all will be provided such a nice medicine prepared by us on formula of ‘Hakeem Waloo khan Multani’ And what astonishing he forced one person to buy by saying that ‘it will be helpful for you but that person refused by saying “I have no need of it, will you give forcibly?”. Then he goes to others silently. finaly, his packets were sold out just in few minutes. And after sometime he left the bus on the next stop. After his leaving the bus, I asked a person who was seeming me an educated one that how would you see him, is he really Hakeem? His medicine in small price will really give more benefit? Firstly, he laughed then become serious and replied; ‘first of all such Hakeem are not available who give benefit to the people in now a days and if they give benefit, will they visit buses, No; they have proper place for the patients in the markets or villages. secondly, today is the period of science, medical field has been developed , who will believe on fake medicines.no doubt there was good period of these Hakeem but now those persons who believe on these fake Hakeem’s are wasting their money with time, I do not believe them. Just he was continue in his speaking an old person of 80 years whose teeth seems me like broken, big spreading eyebrow and long ears hair who interrupted and said to us son it is not so; you are in little age you have not seen period of us, where todays dr; s and hospital were not present at that time these were Hakeem who treat the people in a very low price by making medicine from natural plants and become cause for giving good health. And believe me still today, when I become ill I get medicine from these Hakeem sometime I get benefited from it, sometimes not. Not getting benefit because my old age and due too many disease and also because of one foot is in grave and one is on the earth. On such saying of old person, I smiled and feel he maybe telling the truth, on their way because that was the time when there was no hospitals or doctors with such nice facilities as today we have. where these Hakeem’s were useful but now a days it is science and technology period and many revolutions come in the medical, now we cannot focus on those old fashioned treatments This is why today mostly people depend upon medical rather than Hakeems. Because in modern world, these kind of people who fake themsleves as Hakeems  to sell their products as unemployment and poverty has made these persons to do such jobs. When they fail to earn enough to satisfy their needs they do such things not thinking about the affect on the people and their health. Again now it is depend upon us what we have to choose.